In the quantum kingdom, particles flirt with the impossible, defying the tidy laws of Newton’s world. Today’s booming quantum industry, built on understanding this realm, hums with the energy of vibrating atoms. UMBC alumni are riding the quantum wave as they harness the field’s mysteries to unlock a revolution too strange to imagine—and too big to ignore.
Cory Nunn, Ph.D. ’23, physics, conducted astronomy research as an undergraduate, studying enormous objects scattered across the galaxy. But in the end, he fell in love with the physics of a much tinier universe, where you can never quite be sure where the electrons are, and the simple act of observing a system can shift its properties.
That kingdom is quantum, a field that, as it matures, is likely to lead to a revolution in communications, cybersecurity, scientific observations, and more. In Maryland today, political and business leaders are committed to investing in these new technologies and building a hub for quantum research.
Quantum theory emerged in the early 20th century when scientists like Albert Einstein and Erwin Schrödinger cracked open a subatomic universe where particles could sometimes behave like waves—common knowledge today, but revolutionary at the time. Their research left Sir Isaac Newton’s straightforward rules behind, replacing them with probabilities and uncertainty.
Cory Nunn, Ph.D. ’23, adjusts an experimental setup at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). He says his advisor, Todd Pittman, prepared him well. “There’ a lot of ambition in Todd’s group; I feel like we were encouraged organically to push ourselves, because we were convinced what we were doing was really cool and worth exploring,” Nunn says. (Photo courtesy of NIST)
By the 1950s, what we would now call “quantum 1.0” hit its stride, turning theory into world-changing tech. Transistors—tiny devices found in everything from PCs to cars to smartphones—are the most ubiquitous example; they power all computer chips. Driven by what are called “quantum effects,” or the perks of quantum over classical systems, transistors shrunk room-sized computers into pocket calculators and sparked the digital age. Then came lasers, which used the quantum effects of excited atoms to beam data across continents, and atomic clocks, which keep time with extreme accuracy based on the vibrations of single atoms. These breakthroughs rewired society, powering the gadgets and networks of today.
Quantum research has come a long way since quantum 1.0, which lasted through the 1970s, says Tom Smith, Ph.D. ’21, physics. “Now we’re in quantum 2.0,” Smith says. “There’s another wave of interesting quantum effects that we can take advantage of, like quantum superposition,” when a particle can temporarily be in two states at the same time, until the particle’s state is measured.
Huge improvements in laser technology and optical components have advanced the field and “opened the door for other quantum phenomena to be implemented experimentally. It’s been a gradual development—baby steps over the years,” Smith says.
While quantum 1.0 generated foundational technologies, quantum 2.0 is about harnessing quantum phenomena to build next-level systems. Multiple companies and researchers have made strides in building “qubits,” or “quantum bits,” that can be coaxed to exist long enough to perform useful computations. The first qubits only lasted a few microseconds, but today’s qubits can exist for milliseconds—1,000 times longer—making it possible to scale up quantum computers.
A key quantum effect called “entanglement” has also shifted from being a quirky laboratory phenomenon in quantum 1.0 to a workhorse in newer quantum systems. Researchers who showed that entanglement is real and exploitable received the 2022 Nobel Prize in physics. Their work paved the way for huge advances in quantum communication across long distances and quantum-based encryption methods.
“As our control of very small, isolated systems gets better and better over time, what we’re realizing is that there are new capabilities that come with working with single atom systems or single ions,” Nunn says. “And they have new properties—quantum properties—that let us leverage different kinds of processing power than what we had with classical computers.”
Today, Nunn is a postdoctoral fellow in the Quantum Optics Group within the Quantum Measurement Division at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). His research on quantum networking seeks to harness the power of quantum entanglement at a distance.
“It’s really hard to send these fragile quantum bits of information over a long link. So the solution most of us are pursuing is a quantum repeater, which is basically just a node in the middle that breaks up this longer link into two smaller links that are easier to manage,” Nunn says—or, if the link is long enough, many smaller links. He refers to one end of the link as “Alice” and the other as “Bob,” to talk about how information travels from point A to B.
“So that repeater in the middle is going to have to take a signal from Alice and a signal from Bob, and if they don’t meet at exactly the same time, so the repeater can perform an operation and link the two together, then one or both of the signals is going to have to be stored in a quantum memory.”
That “operation” at the node (which Nunn calls “Charlie”) entangles the photons coming from Alice and Bob, which Nunn says is the “most interesting weird property that quantum particles can have.” In entanglement, the signals become “inherently linked, so that these quantum systems are correlated in a way that’s just stronger than classical physics could explain.”
After the operation at Charlie, Nunn says, “Alice and Bob’s systems, which are at separate labs, that never directly interacted with each other, now share entanglement.”
Nunn’s team at NIST is working to develop a range of technologies to make this long-distance entanglement possible, including sources of entangled photons, quantum memories, and methods of stabilizing links. Nunn is focused on developing specialized sources of single photons that can send synchronized quantum signals across the network.
Quantum systems don’t have to use photons, but they are “the best carriers of quantum information,” according to Nunn. “They can travel at the speed of light, don’t have to be cooled to an extremely low temperature to work (like some other quantum systems), and they can make it out of your lab and travel over fiber, or from satellite to satellite through space and the atmosphere. So these are inherently mobile ‘flying qubits’ that can actually take quantum information and fly from one place to another.”
In the current wave of quantum 2.0, new materials and fabrication techniques have enhanced researchers’ ability to produce tiny, precise quantum systems, opening the doors for creating quantum networks. Finally, software is starting to catch up to mathematical theories proposed decades ago—but there’s still much work to do.
Although fully capable quantum computers are still years away, researchers, businesses, and governments are already preparing for how they might disrupt current practices. For example, powerful new tools like Shor’s algorithm would leave most modern encryption methods vulnerable to attack. In addition to quantum measurement science, NIST is playing a leading role in standardizing new cryptography techniques, called post-quantum cryptography, that better prepare us for a world with advanced quantum computers.
Quantum 2.0 is about control—taking the weirdness of quantum mechanics and engineering it into tools that outperform classical limits. Unlike quantum 1.0, it’s less about discovering quantum rules and more about exploiting them for computing, secure communications, and ultra-precise sensing. The field is growing rapidly, and governments and tech giants alike are spending billions on developing the next big breakthroughs.
Smith, who is a physicist at the Naval Air Warfare Center, Aircraft Division (NAWCAD), believes quantum sensing is one of the most exciting areas in quantum. It refers to the use of quantum systems, such as atoms or photons, to measure physical parameters with unprecedented precision and sensitivity. While quantum computing deservedly gets a lot of airtime, “I believe quantum sensing is equally far along in its R&D but doesn’t get as much attention, because it’s not the darling of private industry currently,” Smith says.
For example, he says, the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) is designed to detect gravitational waves, which Einstein’s general theory of relativity predicts. The LIGO team updated the observatory’s systems to take advantage of quantum effects, specifically squeezed light. Squeezed light helps make the timing or detection rate of photons more predictable, like steadying the flow of raindrops into a cup to produce consistent readings from measurement to measurement, Smith says. After LIGO made the switch, it started detecting a lot more gravitational waves.
Other companies have built quantum sensors that detect exceedingly minute shifts in gravity or magnetic fields, which can be used for anything from detecting underground tunnels to measuring brain activity to improving GPS systems. These advances come from better control of quantum states and miniaturization, which has moved tech from lab benches to the field.
“At the Navy, we’re going to keep an eye on, and in some cases have a hand in, making improvements to various types of sensing. We’re getting to the point now that maybe we can actually make a product out of this and utilize it in the field,” Smith says.
While systems like LIGO are already active, there are only a few instances of the technology around the world. For a technology to truly be “in the field” from Smith’s perspective, it must be produced at scale and put to work on, for example, a large number of aircraft carriers or military planes.
“I would like to think that certain quantum sensors could be used in the field within the next decade,” Smith says.
Nunn was a junior at the University of Delaware when LIGO upgraded. During his astronomy research, he attended conferences for quantum optics, because the first quantum optics experiments were designed to observe starlight. “All the signals that LIGO uses rely on the same type of physics that I’m studying now,” he says.
Today at NIST, his work builds directly on his Ph.D. research with Todd Pittman, Ph.D. ’96, professor of physics and director of UMBC’s Quantum Science Institute.
“There was a lot going on in Todd’s lab that I was able to directly transfer to my research at NIST,” Nunn says. “Now I am directly applying the same skills, the same systems, that I was used to working with as a member of the quantum information group at UMBC.”
Some of Nunn’s current quantum networking projects involve work with the Washington Metropolitan Quantum Network, or DC-QNet. Quantum networking involves connecting quantum devices to increase their capabilities, just as classical devices are connected today to create systems like the world wide web. The DC-QNet “is a bonafide networking application,” that relies on the research he did with Pittman, Nunn says.
The DC-QNet links four federal agencies plus the University of Maryland via fiber optic cables that travel belowground and high in the air.
“As a photon travels along the link, it might get lost along the way, because it’s just one itty bitty photon against the whole world, traveling across kilometers of fiber,” Nunn says. The fiber “is basically a kilometer of glass that it has to see through.”
Today, researchers are still investigating what’s possible and building prototype quantum networks. Once full-fledged quantum computers exist, we’ll connect them and enhance their capabilities with networking, Nunn explains. Eventually, he hopes, “we’ll have the next, futuristic, Star-Trek-level internet that relies on quantum physics.”
One big goal of quantum 2.0 is to minimize the amount of light required to send a usable signal—even down to single photons, Smith says. In the context of quantum communication, “You send this train of individual photons with independent polarizations, and if you can control those polarizations—the direction the lightwaves are vibrating—you can transmit information that way,” he explains.
Both Nunn and Smith emphasized that information sent via quantum versus classical communication signals is more secure. When information travels via a classical laser pulse from Alice to Bob, an eavesdropper, typically referred to as Eve, could take away or analyze some of the light, and the recipient would still receive a pulse, not realizing their signal had been tapped.
“But at the single photon level, if an eavesdropper takes away one photon, or even obtains information about the photon, the intended receiver registers an error, so it’s easier to detect eavesdroppers,” Smith explains. That’s a huge advantage for sending confidential information—whether it’s an everyday banking transaction or a matter of global diplomacy.
Today, Smith still does work in the lab at the NAWCAD, but spends much of his time keeping tabs on what’s happening in quantum technology across academia, industry, and government, so he can recommend research NAWCAD ought to support elsewhere or pursue in-house.
“We have a lot of support right now from our chain of command to do the research that we think is best, that we think will be the most impactful, which is always a great place to be in, to have that type of freedom,” Smith says.
Smith has also continued to collaborate with his Ph.D. advisor, UMBC physics professor Yanhua Shih. Shih is a first-generation quantum optics researcher, having done pioneering work in interferometry, one of the technologies LIGO relies on. His current work on quantum sensing is complementary to active NAWCAD research.
“By collaborating directly with academia, it feels like we’re having a bit more of an impact,” Smith says. In fact, the UMBC physics department partnered with NAWCAD through a program that supports NAWCAD staff to complete their doctoral degrees. A new Ph.D. candidate is joining UMBC through the program in fall 2025.
Nunn, too, is thriving. He loves what he does at NIST and would like to stay on after his fellowship concludes.
“There’s just a lot of good research that goes on at NIST, and the people I’m working with are amazing sources of information. I’ve grown a lot as a postdoc here,” Nunn says. “It’s really inspiring to work with hard-working and clever people on new solutions for quantum networking.”
Pittman isn’t surprised by Nunn’s success.
“Cory had a knack for experimental work and really took advantage of every opportunity to become a top-notch independent researcher at UMBC,” Pittman says. “By the end of his time in my lab, working with Cory was more like collaborating with a senior colleague than mentoring a student. In his final year, our one-on-one meetings usually started with me asking, ‘OK, Cory—what are you going to teach me today?’”
“Todd was supportive and eager to give guidance early on, and then also eager to step back when he felt I was able to tackle a problem on my own,” Nunn says. “Getting to a point where he could tell me, ‘Oh, I’m learning something from you,’ was really encouraging, and the fact that he was so open to that really helped me to grow.”
Smith connected with Shih via a research rotation, and “it was a perfect match,” he says. “I learned a lot from him, but he was also hands-off in a way that allowed me to learn on my own.”
All new graduate students in the UMBC physics department share office space, an arrangement that Nunn and Smith praised for the way it organically built community among the students.
“We had a great camaraderie. That was a key aspect that allowed me to achieve as much as I did in grad school,” Smith says. But at bedrock, the thing that excites them both is the science itself and the autonomy to pursue it.
Nunn has always been intrigued by questions like, “How does light really work?”—even discussing them at high school sleepovers. It wasn’t until he arrived at UMBC that he learned that “this is an active field of research, where we’re trying to understand what quantum mechanics tells us about the way nature really works.”
Part of the excitement, he says about working in Pittman’s lab, was research into quantum memories and quantum sources that have exciting, real-world applications. “But at the core, our excitement is really investigating the way the world works on different scales that we’re not used to thinking about in our day-to-day life.”
And even as Nunn learns more and more, the mysteries of how the quantum scale operates feel limitless. He takes the attitude of a true scientist, recognizing that while “I understand more, I also understand that there’s more than ever that I don’t understand.”
In 1995, a UMBC research team led by Yanhua Shih, professor of physics, pioneered a quantum technology called “ghost imaging,” which leverages quantum entanglement to reconstruct an image of an object without actually shining any light on it. The 30th anniversary of this quantum feat was marked in a Nature Communications Physics article this spring. The UMBC team originally demonstrated the technology by rendering the letters “UMBC” in a first-of-its-kind experiment. Since then, ghost imaging has enabled revolutionary applications in secure communication, medical imaging, and remote sensing.
Todd Pittman recalls the excitement of the original breakthrough, telling Nature: “Seeing the ‘UMBC’ image emerge from the data for the first time was super exciting and very rewarding; I remember it like it was yesterday!”
Thirty years ago, UMBC was already making a name for itself in the quantum research space, including early work by Shih. His experiments showed that photons can instantly affect each other regardless of distance, laying the groundwork for the 2022 Nobel Prize in Physics, awarded for proving quantum entanglement. That research and other early advances like ghost imaging have led to more recent contributions in quantum optics, computing, and thermodynamics that are shaping the quantum research landscape.
By now, Shih has trained a second, and now a third, generation of quantum researchers, including people like Pittman, Cory Nunn, and Tom Smith, who will lead UMBC quantum research into its next era.
Tags: CNMS, Feature, Physics, Quantum, Research, Spring 2025